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What is monopolistic competition?

A market structure with many firms, differentiated products, and relatively free entry and exit.

What is a natural monopoly?

A market where one large firm can supply the entire market at a lower average cost than many smaller firms.

What is non-price competition?

Competition through methods other than price, such as advertising, branding, or product quality.

Why might firms in an oligopoly have an incentive to cheat?

Because individual firms can increase profits by secretly lowering prices or increasing output.

What is normal profit?

When average revenue (AR) equals average cost (AC).

If average revenue is $9 and average cost is $11, what is the firm's situation?

The firm is making losses because AR < AC.

What is a loss in market structure analysis?

When average revenue (AR) is less than average cost (AC).

Why are firms in perfect competition considered price takers?

Because individual firms are too small to influence the market price.

What are concentration ratios?

Measures showing the percentage of market share controlled by the largest firms in an industry.

What is oligopoly?

A market structure dominated by a few large firms with interdependence between them.

What is abnormal profit?

When average revenue (AR) is greater than average cost (AC).

If average revenue is $12 and average cost is $12, what type of profit is the firm earning?

Normal profit.

State the formula for calculating profit.

Profit = Total Revenue (TR) − Total Cost (TC).

Why does monopoly create allocative inefficiency?

Because monopolists produce where price is greater than marginal cost (P > MC).

Why is perfect competition considered allocatively efficient?

Because firms produce where price equals marginal cost, maximizing social welfare.

What is collusion in an oligopoly?

When firms cooperate to fix prices or output to increase profits.

A firm has total revenue of $800 and total costs of $650. What is its profit?

$150 abnormal profit.

What is market power?

The ability of a firm to influence price, output, or other market conditions.

Why might large firms with market power benefit consumers?

They may achieve economies of scale and invest heavily in research and development.

What is allocative efficiency?

Allocative efficiency occurs where price equals marginal cost (P = MC).

What is monopoly?

A market structure where a single firm dominates the market with high barriers to entry.

Why is demand more elastic in monopolistic competition than in monopoly?

Because there are many close substitutes available to consumers.

What condition determines profit maximization for a firm?

Profit is maximized where marginal cost (MC) equals marginal revenue (MR).

What is perfect competition?

A market structure with many firms, identical products, free entry and exit, and firms acting as price takers.

How can governments respond to abuse of market power?

Through regulation, legislation, fines, or government ownership.

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